第八讲：汉英语言对比.docVIP

Lecture 8：Comparison of the Chinese and English Languages 8.1. Brief Introduction to World Languages and Its Families. There are about 5000 languages in the world. According to statistics, those languages can be divided into a dozen of linguistic families, the leading families of the world languages are : (1). Indo-European family（印欧语系）, the biggest language family, covering most regions of Europe, America and Asia. It includes the two ancient languages Latin and Greek. Then English, German, Dutch and Swedish ( belonging to the German family), Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese ( belonging to the Roman language family) . (2).Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系), including Chinese, Thai(泰语), Burmese（缅甸语）, Lao（老挝语）and Tibetan（藏语）. (3). Semito-Hamitic family（闪米特一含米特语系），including Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopic and those peoples who speak the same language in Morocco and Algeria. (4). Altaic family (阿尔泰语系, including 3 language branches: Turkic branch(突厥语族),Mongolian branch,(蒙古语族)and Manchu-Tungusic branch (通古斯语族)） (5).Uralic Family(乌拉尔语系，including Russian regions in European areas, Estonia (爱沙尼亚)and Fenland ) (6).Caucasian family（高加索语系, in the areas of Caucasus Mountain. ） (7).Malay-Polynesian family (马来—波里西亚语系, in the vast areas in the world, from the South Eastern Madagascar, including Indonesia, the Philippines to the broad Pacific areas. ) (8). Dravidian family（达罗毗荼语系又译德拉维达语系ts main distributions are in the South and Middle of India, the rest of then in the North of Sri Lanka, Pakistan. The leading Language of Dravidian family is the one in the Southern India, including Tamil( 泰米尔语泰卢固语马拉雅兰语和坚那勒语等。It is pictographic(象形文字) and ideographic（表意文字）versus alphabetic / phonography(表音文字). 8.2. The Origin and Development of Chinese Language 8.2.1. Seven Stages of the development of Chinese Language : 8.2.1.1. Jiaguwen (甲骨文，又称为“卜辞”) 　　Jiaguwen is kind of language during Yin Shang Dynasty (21-16 century B.C.)inscribed on tortoise shells and animal bones. it is also known as Buci (“卜