demographic histories of erv-k in humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys人口的历史erv-k在人类、黑猩猩和猕猴.pdfVIP

Demographic Histories of ERV-K in Humans, Chimpanzees and Rhesus Monkeys 1 1 1 2,3 1 Camila M. Romano , Fernando L. de Melo , Marco Aurelio B. Corsini , Edward C. Holmes , Paolo M. de A. Zanotto * ˜ 1 Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute–ICBII, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2 Mueller Laboratory, Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America We detected 19 complete endogenous retroviruses of the K family in the genome of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta; RhERV-K) and 12 full length elements in the genome of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes; CERV-K). These sequences were compared with 55 human HERV-K and 20 CERV-K reported previously, producing a total data set of 106 full-length ERV-K genomes. Overall, 61% of the human elements compared to 21% of the chimpanzee and 47% of rhesus elements had estimated integration times less than 4.5 million years before present (MYBP), with an average integration times of 7.8 MYBP, 13.4 MYBP and 10.3 MYBP for HERV-K, CERV-K and RhERV-K, respectively. By excluding those ERV-K sequences generated by chromosomal duplication, we used 63 of the 106 elements to compare the population dynamics of ERV-K among species. This analysis indicated that both HERV-K and RhERV-K had similar demographic histories, including markedly smaller effective population sizes, c