crossing paths in human renal cell carcinoma (hrcc)穿越路径在人类肾细胞癌(hrcc).pdfVIP

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 12710-12733; doi:10.3390/ijms131012710 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 /journal/ijms Review Crossing Paths in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma (hRCC) Guadalupe Aparicio Gallego 1, Vanessa Medina Villaamil 1,*, Enrique Grande 2, Isabel Santamarina Caínzos 1 and Luís M. Antón Aparicio 3,4 1 Biomedical Research Institute (INIBIC), CHU A Coruña, Xubias de Abaixo s/n, PC 15006, A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: lupe.aparicio@ (G.A.G.); Isabel.santamrina.cainzos@sergas.es (I.S.C.) 2 Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Universitary Hospital, Madrid, PC 28050, Spain; E-Mail: egrande@ 3 University of A Coruña (UDC), PC 15006, A Coruña, Spain; E-Mail: luis.m.anton.aparicio@sergas.es 4 Medical Oncology Department, CHU A Coruña, PC 15006, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: vanessa.medina.villaamil@sergas.es; Tel.: +34-981-178-000; Fax: +34-981-178-273. Received: 26 July 2012; in revised form: 11 September 2012 / Accepted: 26 September 2012 / Published: 5 October 2012 Abstract: Historically, cell-signaling pathways have been studied as the compilation of isolated elements into a unique cascade that transmits extracellular stimuli to the tumor cell nucleus. Today, growing evidence supports the fact that intracellular drivers of tumor progression do not flow in a single linear pathway, but disseminate into mu