有哪些信誉好的足球投注网站biomarkers in advanced colorectal cancer challenges in translating clinical research into practice晚期大肠癌的生物标志物在挑战翻译临床研究付诸实践.pdfVIP
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biomarkers in advanced colorectal cancer challenges in translating clinical research into practice晚期大肠癌的生物标志物在挑战翻译临床研究付诸实践
Cancers 2011, 3, 1844-1860; doi:10.3390/cancers3021844 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review Biomarkers in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Challenges in Translating Clinical Research into Practice Charlotte Lemech and Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau * Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 93 Harley Street, W1G 6AD, London, UK; E-Mail: charlotte.lemech@sarahcannonresearch.co.uk (C.L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tobias.arkenau@sarahcannonresearch.co.uk; Tel.: +44-203-219-5250; Fax: +44-203-219-5239. Received: 27 February 2011 / Accepted: 25 March 2011 / Published: 1 April 2011 Abstract: The growing number of therapeutic agents and known molecular targets in oncology makes the study and clinical use of biomarkers imperative for improving response and survival, reducing toxicity and ensuring economic sustainability. Colorectal cancer, among others, is at the forefront of development of predictive and prognostic biomarkers; however, the difficulty lies in translating potential biomarkers garnered from retrospective analyses in small numbers of patients to generalizable and affordable biomarkers used worldwide. This review outlines the progress made in prognostic and predictive biomarkers in advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC) from the early use of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to the KRAS mutation and beyond. Future challenges are to incorporate standardize
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