管理学原理--第1讲：导论.ppt

Hofstedes Dimensions 个人主义与集体主义 Individualism versus Collectivism: degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals rather than in groups the relations between the individual and his/her fellows Hofstedes Dimensions 不确定性回避 Uncertainty Avoidance: more or less need to avoid uncertainty about the future degree of preference for structured versus unstructured situations structured situations: have tight rules may or may not be written down (high context society?) high uncertainty avoidance: people with more nervous energy (vs easy going), rigid society, what is different is dangerous. Hofstedes Dimensions 男性主义与女性主义 Masculinity versus Femininity: division of roles and values in a society Masculine values prevail: assertiveness, success, competition Feminine values prevail: quality of life, maintenance of warm personal relationships, service, care for the weak, solidarity 3、Hofstede Work Limitations Hofstedes methodology: Study based on 64 national subsidiaries, 116,000 workers (not just managers), three world regions Reports means; may not fit exact individual situations Is valid for broader groups not individuals IBM values may overwhelm national values Yet, if IBM culture so overwhelming, differences across countries may be attributable to “national” culture... Privileged group Researcher bias? Western stereotypes and culturally biased conclusions? Many recent studies validate Hofstede’s dimensions 4、商业含义——文化距离Cultural Distance Geographic and cultural (or pshychic) distance among countries may not be the same Key concept which can affect business strategy and conduct 商业含义Cultural Difference Reconciliation 母国导向与东道国导向Ethnocentrism vs Polycentrism 适应当地 Must a company adapt to local cultures or can corporate -- often home-country dominated -- culture prevail? 跨文化认知 Cross-cultural literacy essential Chapter 5 企业的社会责任 企业是公民 没有技术解决方案 1968年一期《科学》（第162卷，1968年）杂志刊登了一篇题为“无法用科学技术来解决的问题”（Hardin，1968），此后“公地”和“公地悲剧（tragedy of the commons）”这两个比喻性词汇开始广泛传播。 没