ancient origin of the new developmental superfamily danger古代起源的新发展总科的危险.pdfVIP

Ancient Origin of the New Developmental Superfamily DANGER 1. 1. 2 3 3,4,5 1 Nikolas Nikolaidis *, Dimitra Chalkia , D. Neil Watkins , Roxanne K. Barrow , Solomon H. Snyder , Damian B. van Rossum , Randen L. Patterson1* 1 Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 3 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 4 Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 5 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America Developmental proteins play a pivotal role in the origin of animal complexity and diversity. We report here the identification of a highly divergent developmental protein superfamily (DANGER), which originated before the emergence of animals (,850 million years ago) and experienced major expansion-contraction events during metazoan evolution. Sequence analysis demonstrates that DANGER proteins diverged via multiple mechanisms, including amino acid substitution, intron gain and/or loss, and recombination. Divergence for DANGER proteins is substantially greater than for the prototypic member of the superfamily (Mab-21 family) and other developmental protein families (e.g., WNT proteins). DANGER proteins are widely expressed and display species-dependent tissue expression patterns, with many members having roles in development. DANGER1A, which regulates t