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all in action都在行动
Entropy 2010, 12, 2333-2358; doi:10.3390/
OPEN ACCESS
entropy
ISSN 1099-4300
/journal/entropy
Article
All in Action
Arto Annila 1,2,3
1 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
E-Mail: arto.annila@helsinki.fi
2 Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
3 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
Received: 8 October 2010; in revised form: 26 October 2010 / Accepted: 26 October 2010 /
Published: 19 November 2010
Abstract: The principle of least action provides a holistic worldview in which Nature in its
entirety and every detail is described in terms of actions. Each and every action is
ultimately composed of one or multiple of the most elementary actions which relates to
Planck’s constant. Elements of space are closed actions, known as fermions, whereas
elements of time are open actions, known as bosons. The actions span an energy landscape,
the Universe, which evolves irreversibly according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics by
diminishing energy density differences in least time. During evolution densely-curled
actions unfold step-by-step when opening up and expelling one or multiple elementary
actions to their surrounding sparser space. The energy landscape will process from one
symmetry group to another un
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