human developmental enhancers conserved between deuterostomes and protostomes人类发展增强剂保存后口动物和原肢类之间的关系.pdfVIP

Human Developmental Enhancers Conserved between Deuterostomes and Protostomes 1 2,3 4 5 2,3 Shoa L. Clarke , Julia E. VanderMeer , Aaron M. Wenger , Bruce T. Schaar , Nadav Ahituv , Gill Bejerano4,5* 1 Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 3 Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 4 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, 5 Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America Abstract The identification of homologies, whether morphological, molecular, or genetic, is fundamental to our understanding of common biological principles. Homologies bridging the great divide between deuterostomes and protostomes have served as the basis for current models of animal evolution and development. It is now appreciated that these two clades share a common developmental toolkit consisting of conserved transcription factors and signaling pathways. These patterning genes sometimes show common expression patterns and genetic interactions, suggesting the existence of similar or even conserved regulatory apparatus. However, previous studies have found no regulatory sequence conserved between deuterostomes and protostomes. Here we describe the first such enhancers, which we call bilaterian conserved regulatory elements (Bicores). Bicores show conservation of sequence and gene synt