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HIV-1 Superinfection in the Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Are Seroconcordant Sexual Partners at Risk? 1 1 3 4 2 Mary S. Campbell *, Geoffrey S. Gottlieb , Stephen E. Hawes , David C. Nickle , Kim G. Wong , Wenjie 2 6 5 1,2 Deng , Thomas M. Lampinen , Nancy B. Kiviat , James I. Mullins 1 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 3 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 4 Rosetta InPharmatics/Merck Co., Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 5 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 6 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Abstract Background: Acquisition of more than one strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been reported to occur both during and after primary infection, but the risks and repercussions of dual and superinfection are incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated a longitudinal cohort of chronically HIV-infected men who were sexual partners to determine if individuals acquired their partners’ viral strains. Methodology: Our cohort of HIV-positive men consisted of 8 couples that identified themselves as long-term sexual partners. Viral sequences were isolated from each subject and analyzed using phylogenetic methods. In addition, strain- specific PCR allowed us to search for partners’ viruses pr