从合作原则角度研究英语语言幽默.docVIP

从合作原则角度研究英语语言幽默（重庆师范大学，重庆市401331） 【摘 要】幽默可以分为言语幽默和情景幽默。言语幽默是指人们借助比喻、夸张、双关等语言工具表达的幽默。本文从合作原则的角度对英语幽默言语进行分析，通过分析幽默产生的过程，使人们从深层次欣赏幽默效果。 【关键词】英语幽默；合作原则；背离 1. 引语 幽默作为语言的一种表现形式，孕育特定的文化的内涵。它张扬民族特质，表现民族文化发展的历史积淀,其情致与神韵只有共享文化的群体成员才能心领神会。英语言语幽默是英语国家日常交流中一种常见的语言现象。一般来讲，英语幽默比较含蓄，深沉，但又能引人发笑，常用比喻、夸张、双关等修辞手段来善意地揭露生活中的不尽人义之处。本文用格赖斯的合作原则的角度分析英语言语幽默。 2. 合作原则与英语幽默对合作原则的背离 美国著名语言学家格赖斯认为在语言交际中，说话双方都应该遵守合作原则（Cooperative Principle）。一方面语言使用者在提供足够的信息时要做到忠实，连贯，清楚,另一方面在交际过程中也可以违反或藐视这些会话原则来达到幽默或者出人意料的效果。 （1） 质的准则(Quality maxim)的背离 质的准则规定了说话的真实性，要求人们提供真实又有充分证据的信息。但在实际的交际中，人们会故意违反质的准则已达到特定的隐含意义，实现交际目的。以下是违反质的准则的例子。 例1.A man could not bear any more after spending whole evening with his date that he didnt like. Earlier, he had secretly arranged to have a phone call from one of his friend so he would have an excuse to leave. When he returned to the table, he lowered his eyes putting on a grim expression and said, “I have a bad news that my grandfather just died.” “Thank heaves,” his date replied. If yours hadn?t, mine would have to” 上例中，实际上两人都想离开但都碍于情面不愿意直言，所以当男方谎称自己爷爷去世借此离开，正中女方下怀。双方都违反了质的准则，使整个故事诙谐幽默。 （2）量的准则(Quantity maxim)的背离 量的准则要求人们在交际过程中提供的信息不能多也不能少，把对方所期待的信息准确无误的表达出来。而在实际的交流中，人们会通过违反量的准则，来产生幽默效果。 例2.An FBI agent is interviewing a bank teller after the same bandits had robbed the bank 3 times successively. “Did you notice anything special about the man? I mean, did he ever change his appearance?” asks the agent. “Yes,” replies the teller, “He was better dressed each time.” 例2中联邦局调查员显然是让银行出纳说出关于强盗的详细信息，但是出纳员只是说强盗每次都穿得比上次好，违反了合作原则中的量的准则，使人听后忍俊不禁，达到了幽默的效果。 （3）关系准则(Relation maxim)的背离 关系准则要求人们在交际过程中提供与交谈话题有关联的信息。人们有时表面上说些与话题无关的话而实际上则隐含其他意思，需要对方对其进行仔细的品味、思考。 例3. For the first time in many years, an old man traveled from his rural town to the city to attend a movie. After buying his ticket, he stopped at the concession stand to purchase some popcorn. Handing the attendant $1.5, he couldn’t help but comment, “The last time I came to t