法律英语课件第二课.pptVIP

法律英语 Lesson Two Legal Profession 法律职业 Background 律师 法官 检查官 法学教师 Part 1 The Bar Bar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。 后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。 律师 美国 Lawyer Attorney Attorney –at-law Counselor Counselor –at-law The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. 对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。 Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law. The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. 第一次就通过考试的人很多，并且第一次失败的申请者在第二次考试时通过的也不在少数。 In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states. 每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。 No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. 在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。 The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts, 在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。 but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. 在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。 A lawyer’s practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律师通常在一个地区执业 可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务 只能在获准开业的州从业 It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. 在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。 有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。 One who moves to another state can usua