精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备语言学Chapter 2_sound.ppt

Phonetics Study of Speech Sound Phonology Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages, more specifically is to study the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. Take an individual language, say English, as an example, to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. 1. How speech sounds are made 1.1 Speech organs (vocal organs) Sounds made with different parts of the tongue: Coronal (tip and blade): /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /θ/ Dorsal (front and back): /k/, /g/, /?/ Radical (root): /h/ Position of the vocal folds: voiceless Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial the widest aparting) Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop 1.2 The IPA In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was founded It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonet