专业英语翻译.docVIP

UNIT1 Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。 It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. 可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。 Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. 比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。 At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. 20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。 UNIT2 Research and development, or RD as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. 研究和开发，或通常所称RD是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。 Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. 尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。 In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. 简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。 To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。 We can pick out a number of areas of RD activ