托福考试：2013年6月15日托福阅读机经解析.pdfVIP

托福考试：2013 年6 月15 日托福阅读机经解析 Decline Of Harappan Civilization: The Indus Valley Civilization dated from 3300 1300 BCE that was located i the north western region of the Indian Subcontinent. Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the civilization primarily centered along the Indus and the Punjabregion, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, encompassing most of what is now Pakistan, the western states of modern-day India, as well as extending into southeastern Afghanistan, and the eastern most part of Balochistan, Iran. The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was the one at Harappa, excavated in the1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan). The decline of Harappan culture is difficult to explain. During its late phase between 2000 and 1700 BC The Indus Valley Civilization as a distinct entity gradually ceased to exist. Historians have different opinions regarding the causes of the decay and disappearance of the Harappan culture. Various causes have been ascribed for its weakening and then decay: Increase in rainfall, earthquake, decrease in fertility of soil, floods, Aryan invasion, disease etc. Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. The Aryans were more skilled at warfare and were powerful than the Harappans. But there is very little evidence on this opinion. .Another school of thought relates the demise of the Indus valley civilization to have been brought about by a major tectonic shift that caused continuous floods of this area. Research has proved that the decline of the glori