易学与苏州耦园布局.docVIP

- PAGE 7 - 易学与苏州耦园布局 居阅时 钱怡 (1华东理工大学人文学院，上海200237；2苏州园林博物馆215000) 不久前，苏州耦园已被联合国教科文组织批准列为世界文化遗产，作为苏州古典园林的代表，它所包含的文化意蕴尚有进一步发掘的必要。经过对耦园的研究，发现其布局是主人运用易学原理的结果，这在以“师法自然”为圭臬的苏州造园史上，实属仅此一例。这一新发现丰富了耦园的文化解释。独特的文化内涵是一份极其珍贵的园林文化遗产，应该引起充分重视。 关键词 易学 耦园布局 文化遗产 Book of Changes and Suzhou Ouyuan Layout Ju Yueshi Qian Yi Abstract As a representative of Suzhou classical Gardens, Suzhou Ouyuan strongly requires our attention to further research of its profound culture background after it was approved its application of world cultural legacy by UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recently. At present, extensive research work show that the layout of Ouyuan is the fruit of applying Book of Changes ingeniously by its owner. The new discovery enriches the explanation to Ouyuan Culture, which stands Ouyuan as the only example for its sophisticated arrangement in Suzhou where the worship to nature is the most important guideline. Great attention should be attached to its most cherished unique cultural treasure. Key words Book of Changes Ouyuan Layout Cultural Legacy Author Ju Yueshi Born in 1955 Associate Professor Humanity and Cultural College East China University of Science and Technology Qian Yi Born in 1950 Vice Curator Suzhou Gardens Museum “师法自然”是苏州古典园林造园的最高境界。拙政园初建，依据原来地形，“稍加浚治，环以林木”。留园中部，土阜之上建“闻木樨香轩”，上下回廊依势而建，起落跌宕，坡度陡削不设踏步，以至年迈者难以单独步行。古代大户官僚住宅，必座北朝南，苏州私家园林，所建园门并非一律朝南，而是因地制宜，随势定向。今天大家熟知的名园中如沧浪亭门朝北；艺圃门朝北；怡园门朝东。更有许多年久失修，隐于小巷之中的昔日私家园林，其门朝向也是依街巷方向而定，东南西北皆有，与一般民宅并无二致。 然而，耦园布局一反苏州古典园林建园法则，刻意讲究方向、位置。作为园林要素的建筑、山石、水池、树木等均体现出精心的安排，蕴含着易学原理，这在苏州古典园林建筑史上是一个极罕见的例子。 耦园主人沈秉成号听蕉，自名老鹤，自称先世为一鹤。平生喜读佛道之书，又好扶乩之术。他的先祖沈炳震专攻古学，与乾嘉时期书法四大家过从甚密，其中刘墉有亲笔对联一副相赠，联曰： 闲中觅伴书为上，身外无求睡最安。 沈秉成在耦园落成后，将先祖保存的这幅对联置于城曲草堂东面小书斋内，印证了沈秉成是一个喜探究易学的人。也说明耦园布局中蕴含的易学原理决非偶然为之（传统文化的不自觉流露或巧合），而是园主人有意为之的结果。易学法则用于私家园林建造，为我们提供了一份极其珍贵的园林文化遗产，应该予以充分重视。下文就耦园布局与易学的关系作一探析。