原核微生物真核.pptVIP

根据表面结构分为： 粗糙型内质网：膜外附着有核糖体。 光滑型内质网：表面没有附着的颗粒。 内质网功能： 起物质传递的作用，另外还有合成脂类和脂蛋白 （6）内质网 * （7）溶酶体（lysosome） 单膜包裹，内含40多种酸性水解酶 * 无性繁殖：芽殖 、裂殖 、芽裂繁殖 和产生无性孢子 有性繁殖：主要是产生子囊孢子。 相关名词： 假酵母：只有无性繁殖过程。 真酵母：既有无性繁殖，又有有性繁殖 过程。 三、酵母菌的繁殖 * 1、芽殖 是酵母菌无性繁殖的主要方式。 一个酵母能形成的芽数是有限的。（平均24个） 出芽方式： 多边出芽、两端出芽、三边出芽、单边出芽。 （一）无性繁殖 * 芽殖过程： 母细胞形成小突起（A—D） 核裂（E—G） 原生质分配（H—I） 新膜形成（J—K） 形成新细胞壁（L） * 在母细胞的细胞壁上出芽并与子细胞分开的位点称出芽痕 芽 痕 Bread Yeast with Bud * 假菌丝: Saccharomyces cerevisiae的芽殖过程 有的酵母菌进行芽殖后，长大的子细胞不与母细胞立即分离，并继续出芽，细胞成串排列，这种菌丝状的细胞串就称为假菌丝。 * 借细胞横分裂法繁殖,与细菌类似.如Schizosaccharomyces octosporus（八孢裂殖酵母）。进行裂殖的酵母菌种类较少. 2、裂 殖 * 为芽殖、芽裂的中间类型，母细胞在出芽的同时产生横隔膜。 3、芽裂殖 * * Bacterial colonies * ? ACTINOMYCETES?? In this section, we shall discuss three genera of actinomycetes: Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. These organisms have been shown to be higher bacteria, but they were thought to be fungi for many years because they have filamentous forms, 0.5 to 0.8 microns in diameter, which appear to branch. Some species form aerial mycelia in culture. The clinical manifestations of infection are similar to those of a systemic fungal infection. It is now clear that they are not fungi but are closely related to the mycobacteria. Some facts that you should know about these genera are that: Actinomyces are anaerobic, while Nocardia and Streptomyces are aerobic.? Nocardia stain partially acid-fast, Actinomyces and Streptomyces are not acid-fast.? Actinomyces produce granules. Most actinomycetes in tissue do not stain with the H E stain commonly used for general histopathology. All genera may produce granules; Actinomyces almost always produce granules. * Actinomycetes: Unicellular filamentous microorganisms that branch monopodially or more rarely dichotomously and form radiating colonies; mainly found in the soil, and cause of its characteristic odor. 第二节 放线菌——Actinomycetes 放线菌是原核微生物的标志：1）有原核，2）菌丝直径与细菌相仿，3）细胞壁的主要成分是肽聚糖，4）有的放线菌产生有鞭毛