电子与通信专业英语第十一单元扩展阅读原文与翻译.docVIP

Synchronous digital hierarchy Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs).Lower data rates can also be transferred via an electrical interface.The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting larger amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.SONET generic criteria are detailed in Telcordia Technologies Generic Requirements document GR-253-CORE.Generic criteria applicable to SONET and other transmission systems(e.g.,asynchronous fiber optic systems or digital radio systems ) are found in Telcordia GR-499-CORE. SONET and SDH ,which are essentially the same,were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications (e.g.,DS1,DS3) from a variety of different sources ,but they were primarily designed to support real-time,uncompressed,circuit-switched voice encoded in PCM format.The primary difficulty in doing the prior to SONET /SDH was that the synchronization sources of these various circuits were different.This meant that each circuit was actually operating at a slightly different rate and different phase.SONET/SDH allowed for the simultaneous transport of many different circuits of differing origins within a single framing protocol. SONET/SDH is not itself a communications protocol,but a transport protocol. Due to SONET/SDH’s essential protocol neutrality and transport-oriented features,SONET/SDH was the obvious choice for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) frames.It quickly evolved mapping structures and concatenated payload containers to transport ATM connections.In other words,for ATM (and eventually other protocols such as Ethernet),the internal complex structure previously used to transport circuit-oriented connections was removed and