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Long-Term Environmental Fate of Perfluorinated Compounds after Accidental Release at Toronto Airport.pdf

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Long-Term Environmental Fate of Perfluorinated Compounds after Accidental Release at Toronto Airport

Published: July 20, 2011 r 2011 American Chemical Society 8081 /10.1021/es2001985 | Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 8081–8089 ARTICLE /est Long-Term Environmental Fate of Perfluorinated Compounds after Accidental Release at Toronto Airport Emily Awad,? Xianming Zhang,? Satyendra P. Bhavsar,*,?,? Steve Petro,? Patrick W. Crozier,? Eric J. Reiner,?,? Rachael Fletcher,? Sheryl A. Tittlemier,§ and Eric Braekevelt§ ?Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6 ?University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E8 §Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2 bS Supporting Information ’ INTRODUCTION Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) and perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) have been produced in large quantities since the 1950s;1,2 however, they have emerged as priority environmental contaminants only during the past decade. PFCs have low water and oil solubility, and unique surface properties, making them particularly useful as surfactants, in fabric and paper treatments, and in aqueous film- forming foam fire fighting agents (AFFF). A recent estimation for the historical global production of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), one of the most manufactured PFCs, was ～10 000 t.2 The large number of carbonfluorine bonds with full substitu- tion of hydrogen by fluoride also make PFCs chemically stable and thus environmentally persistent.3 PFCs are ubiquitous in various environmental media worldwide,4,5 including remote locations such as the Arctic6 and the Tibetan Plateau.7 They have been detected in various organisms at different trophic levels including humans and have been identified as bioaccumulative.3,811 PFCs have been recognized as endocrine disruptors, immuntoxicants, and potential carcinogens and have shown evidence of causing developmental delays and neonatal mortality in animal studies.12 PFCs have also been associated with negative human health effects such as low birth weight and thyroid diseases.13