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Measurements in a low temperature CO2-driven geysering well, viewed in relation to natural geysers.pdf

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Measurements in a low temperature CO2-driven geysering well, viewed in relation to natural geysers.pdf

Geothermics 34 (2005) 389–410 Measurements in a low temperature CO2-driven geysering well, viewed in relation to natural geysers Xinli Lu a, Arnold Watson b, Alexander V. Gorin b, Joe Deans a,? a Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand b Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Received 4 November 2004; accepted 2 May 2005 Available online 24 June 2005 Abstract A literature review on natural geysers and geysering ?ows in engineering plants, such as nuclear reactors and rocket-engine fuel systems, is presented. Certain parallels are observed in the development of understanding in these different ?elds. The majority of references on natural geysers indicate that a chamber connected to the surface by a narrow channel or channels is essential to produce the intermittent discharge that is characteristic of geysers. A detailed set of measurements was obtained from a New Zealand well. These results demonstrate that a separate chamber is not essential to the production of a geysering discharge. The discharge is caused by the cyclic formation of Taylor bubbles from the devolved gas and it is these bubbles that produce the sudden eruptions that are characteristic of a natural geyser. ? 2005 CNR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Geyser; Geysering well measurements; Gas-driven ?ow; New Zealand 1. Introduction Natural geothermal geysers have attracted considerable interest, but more from the general public than the scienti?c community. Large geysers that eject a plume many metres ? Corresponding author. Tel.: +64 9 373 7599x8146; fax: +64 9 373 7479. E-mail address: j.deans@auckland.ac.nz (J. Deans). 0375-6505/$30.00 ? 2005 CNR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.05.001 390 X. Lu et al. / Geothermics 34 (2005) 389–410 high rarely occur in easily accessible places, but when they can