Few-layer graphene and polyaniline composite as ion-to-electron transducer in silicone rubber solid-contact ion-selective electrodes.pdfVIP

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Few-layer graphene and polyaniline composite as ion-to-electron transducer in silicone rubber solid-contact ion-selective electrodes.pdf

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Few-layer graphene and polyaniline composite as ion-to-electron transducer in silicone rubber solid-contact ion-selective electrodes.pdf

Sensors and Actuators B 224 (2016) 624–631 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical journal homepage: /locate/snb Few-layer graphene and polyaniline composite as ion-to-electron transducer in silicone rubber solid-contact ion-selective electrodes Zhanna A. Boeva a,b,?, Tom Lindfors a,? a ?bo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 ?bo, Turku, Finland b M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Polymer Division, Leninskie Gory 1, Build. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation article info Article history: Received 17 August 2015 Received in revised form 11 October 2015 Accepted 16 October 2015 Available online 30 October 2015 Keywords: Solid-contact Transducer Ion-selective electrode Few-layer graphene Polyaniline Standard reduction potential abstract We have used for the ?rst time a composite consisting of few-layer exfoliated graphene and electrically conducting polyaniline (PANI) as the ion-to-electron transducer (solid-contact) in Ca2+-selective solid-contact electrodes (CaSCISEs). The drop cast transducer deposited from the graphene–PANI dispersion in N-methylpyrrolidone makes use of the synergistic effect of these two materials. It maintains the ion-to-electron transduction which is characteristic for the electrically conducting polymers (ECP), but in addition, graphene improves the reproducibility of the standard potential of the SCISEs compared to the neat PANI based electrodes and increases the hydrophobicity of the transducer (ca. 30? higher water contact angle) which counteracts the water layer formation. Our results reveal that the incorporation of few-layer graphene in the transducer layer improved also the initial potential stability and the response characteristics of the CaSCISEs due to the electrocatalytic effect of the graphene–ECP composite, which facilitates the electron transfer at t