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Enhanced visual exploration for real objects compared to pictures during free viewing in the macaque monkey.pdf
Behavioural Processes 118 (2015) 8–20
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Behavioural Processes
journal homepage: /locate/behavproc
Enhanced visual exploration for real objects compared to pictures during free viewing in the macaque monkey
Faiz Mustafar a,b,1, Paolo De Luna a,b, Gregor Rainer a,b,?
a Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland b Swiss Non-Human Primate Competence Center for Research, Switzerland
article info
Article history: Received 27 January 2015 Received in revised form 19 May 2015 Accepted 19 May 2015 Available online 21 May 2015
Keywords: Object-picture perception Free-viewing Habituation Visual exploration Fixations identi?cation
abstract
The question of whether animals perceive pictures as representation of real objects remains still unsolved. Object-picture perception is generally studied requiring animals to learn some information about real objects and transfer that knowledge to the pictorial domain, or vice versa. Here, we tackle the issue of object-picture perception from a different perspective, examining visual exploration behavior of two na?ve macaque monkeys during free-viewing of objects and pictures of these objects on a computer monitor. Our main ?nding is that monkeys looked spontaneously longer at object rather than picture stimuli. However, we ?nd striking similarities in temporal dynamics of gaze allocation within the time course of a single stimulus presentation, as well as in habituation rates within and across behavioral sessions. We also highlight differences between stimulus types in terms of spatial gaze patterns and looking strategies. Stimulus features that attract overt attention during spontaneous visual exploration are thus better predicted for object stimuli by a visual saliency model. Moreover, we provide evidence for a consistency in stimulus preference for objects and pictures, suggesting a correspondence of in how macaques
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