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Estimating and using absolute and relative viewing distance in interactive systems.pdf
Pervasive and Mobile Computing 10 (2014) 173–186
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
journal homepage: /locate/pmc
Estimating and using absolute and relative viewing distance in interactive systems
Jakub Dostal ?, Per Ola Kristensson, Aaron Quigley
School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, UK
article info
Article history: Received 3 December 2011 Received in revised form 23 June 2012 Accepted 27 June 2012 Available online 8 July 2012
Keywords: Viewing distance Interaction Mobile Multimodal
abstract
In this paper we explore and validate the merits of using absolute and relative viewing distances from the screen as complementary input modalities for interactive systems. We motivate the use of viewing distance as a complementary modality by first mapping out its design space and then proposing several new applications that could benefit from it. We demonstrate that both absolute and relative viewing distance can be reliably estimated under controlled circumstances for both desktop and mobile devices using lowcost cameras and readily available computer vision algorithms. In our evaluations we find that viewing distance is a promising complementary input modality that can be reliably estimated using computer vision in environments with constant lighting. For environments with heterogeneous lighting conditions several challenges still exist when designing practical systems. To aid practitioners and researchers we conclude by highlighting several design implications for future systems.
? 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Researchers have overcome many of the robustness, initialisation, speed and usability issues that previously blocked vision-based techniques from evolving into mainstream user interfaces. Sensors such as Microsoft Kinect are used for body and gesture recognition, eye-tracking systems are used to create new accessible interfaces, motion tracking is integral to the film industry, and face
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