4-1CitationStyleforResearchPapers，APAstyle.ppt

Citation Style for Research Papers  Which should you use? Ask each of your teachers which style they want you to use. If they have no preference, you can use any or follow these guidelines: APA: psychology, education, and other social sciences. MLA: literature, arts, and humanities. AMA: medicine, health, and biological sciences. Chicago: used with all subjects in the real world by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications. 参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association）格式。 一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。 3.1 正文中的引证 学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。 3.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点 1. 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： MLA： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor). APA： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如： MLA： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如： APA： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如： APA： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如： MLA： (Zhu 12) APA： (Zhang, 2005) 3.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如： MLA： Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197). Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of specu