On the Existentialism andits Influence on the Literature.docVIP

On the Existentialism andits Influence on the Literature 　　【摘 要】本文简要介绍了统治了19世纪和20世纪的哲学思潮——存在主义的缘起，存在主义思潮主要的倡导者和推动者以及他们所主张的观点和对存在主义的不同视角；本文还介绍了存在主义对那一时期文学届的巨大影响，使文学的方向发生了颠覆性的转变，最后着重论述了在文学作品中所反映出的存在主义主题：选择、寻求与验证自我存在、绝望与死亡以及主观性。 　　【关键词】存在主义；文学；选择；主观性 　　I.Introduction to the Existentialism 　　Existentialism is a philosophical movement or tendency in the 19th and 20th centuries, emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice. Although it is a literary movement which belongs to the 19th and 20th centuries, elements of existentialism can be found in the thought (and life) of Socrates, in the Bible, and in the work of many pre-modern philosophers and writers. 　　An existentialist could either be a religious moralist, agnostic relativist, or an amoral atheist. Kierkegaard, a religious philosopher, Nietzsche, an anti-Christian, Sartre, an atheist, and Camus an atheist, are credited for their works and writings about existentialism. Existentialism owes its currency and influence to the French novelist-philosopher Sartre, who declared that “man is alone in a godless universe”. Sartre and his followers insist that the universe is meaningless, which must produce anxiety, loneliness, discomfort, and despair. 　　Kierkegaard, considered as the founder of modern existentialism, reacted against the idealism of the 19th-century German philosopher Hegel, who claimed to have worked out a total rational understanding of humanity and history. Kierkegaard stressed the ambiguity and absurdity of the human situation in which the individual must live a totally committed life. 　　All existentialists basically agree that human life is in no way complete and fully satisfying because of suffering and losses that occur when considering the lack of perfection, power, and control one has over their life. Even though they do agree that life is not optimally satisfying, it does have meaning. Existentialism is the search and journey for true self and true personal meaning in life. Therefor