06269-工程应用英语-1.docVIP

52. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available to highway engineers until developments in electronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape. 最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。这些重要的设备是经纬仪、水准仪、和卷尺’s social, economic, and physical structure. 城市的交通系统是城市的社会、经济和物质结构的基本组成成分。任何结构的设计首先应包含确定荷载和其他设计因素，这些因素由结构来抵抗，因此在设计中必需考虑前期的踏勘工作要建立一条或几条可能路线的主要控制点和次要控制点，并且在有限宽度地带内，可能在几百英尺范围内，确定每条路线的位置。施工计划和条例必需满足材料和施工的程序要求。在大多数城市一般小车平均载人少于一点五人21.The unit price contract is adapted to highway engineering, because usually it is not possible to determine exact quantities of some items of work _when_ construction is completed. 22.The word ‘contract’ is derived from the Latin ‘contractum’, meaning _drawn_ Together. 24._Highway transportation_ is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel. 25.The Portland cement concrete commonly used for rigid pavements consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate,_fine aggregate, water. 26.Rigid highway pavement can be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concrete and _continuously reinforced concrete pavement_. 27.The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the _diamond_. 28.If distances are great and time is at a premium, _air_ transportation will be selected. 29.Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the _geometric_ design. 30.Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span _culvers_. Easement curves have been used by the railroads for many years, but their adoption by highway agencies came much later. 铁路在很多年前就使用缓和曲线，但公路部门对他的采用却晚的多。如果高峰时期的可以延长更长一点时间的话就可以降低交通堵塞“result” or “end result”, stipulates the desired end product and leaves manner and method to the contractor. 另一种称为结果和最终结果，规定预期的最终产品，将方式和方法留给承包商去选择用于高速路的标志的设计与线性设计同时进行natural water courses. Such an undertaking requires thorough engineering analysis. 同样，在改变自然水道时，要尤为注意，在此过程中，一定要进行全面的工程分析。 ( Professional English Test A Part