科学、技术和创新的政策外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Material Source： Innovation Handbook. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Pages 599-631 Author： Jan, Mowery, David C. and Nelson, Richard R ….to technology policyTechnology policy refers to policies that focus on technologies and sectors. The era of technology policy is one where especially science-based technologies such as nuclear power, space technology, computers, drugs and genetic engineering are seen as being at the very core of economic growth. These technologies get into focus for several reasons. On the one hand they stimulate imagination because they make it possible to do surprising things - they combine science with fiction. On the other hand they open up new commercial opportunities. They are characterized by a high rate of innovation and they address rapidly growing markets. Technology policy means different things for catching up countries than it does for high-income countries and it might also mean different things for small and big countries. In big high-income countries the focus will be on establishing a capacity in producing the most recent science-based technologies, as well as applying these innovations. In smaller countries it might be a question about being able to absorb and use these technologies as they come on the market. Catching-up countries may make efforts to enter into specific promising established industries using new technologies in the process of doing so. Common for these strategies is that they tend to define ‘strategic technologies’ and sometimes the sectors producing them are also defined as strategic sectors. The idea of strategic sectors may be related to Perroux and to Hirschman, both students of Schumpeter. Perroux used concepts such as ‘industrializing industries’ and growth poles while Hirschman introduced unbalanced growth as a possible strategy for less developed countries (Perroux, 1969; Hirschman, 1969). In the lead countries, government initiatives of the technolo