人才外流到人才网络的转变外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Turning brain drain into brain networking Material Source:Science and Public Policy Author:Ioan M Ciumasu SCIENTIFIC TALENT IS ESSENTIAL for countries’ development, because modern growth is about innovation. Loss of human capital in the form of emigration of highly skilled individuals is generally described by the concept of brain drain (e.g. Adams, 2003). Individuals regarded as highly skilled are those who have graduated from higher education to at least bachelor level or equivalent. In general, the direction of the brain drain is from less-to more-developed countries. The process that is symmetrically opposed to brain drain is known as brain gain, that is,accumulation of human capital in a country via immigration of highly skilled individuals from a less-developed country (Mahroum, 2005). Brain drain can be a serious problem, because it is a loss of the essential human capital necessary for development. Indeed, brain drain can trigger a vicious cycle of general underdevelopment (Ranis et al, 2000): the loss of the highly skilled worsens the situation in the country, which in turn reinforces the reasons for the highly skilled to leave. By contrast, brain gain improves the situation in a country, which in turn reinforces the reasons for the highly skilled to immigrate. Typically, there is a combination of pull factors (attraction by some foreign countries) and push factors (discontent with the context in home country). Talent migration grows from a basic prisoners’ dilemma: the individual strategy for success is not the best collective strategy for success (Ellerman, 2006). People of talent and drive, who represent limited and critical human capital in every country, are more likely to leave one country for another where the chances of self-betterment and success are clearly higher. Their exit reduces the pressure for general improvement in the country they have left. Past discussions on potential solutions to brain drain developed around the Joh