经济学原理——供给、需求和政府政策.pptVIP

供给、需求与政府政策 6 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案： 什么是价格上限与价格下限？各有什么例子？ 价格上限与价格下限如何影响市场结果？ 税收如何影响市场结果？对买者还是卖者征税对市场结果有什么不同吗？ 什么是税收归宿？什么决定税收归宿？ 内容提要 价格上限是某种物品或劳务的法定最高价格。租金控制是一个例子。如果价格上限低于均衡价格，则需求量大于供给量，会引起短缺 价格下限是某种物品或劳务的法定最低价格。最低工资是一个例子。如果价格下限高于均衡价格，则供给量大于需求量，会引起劳动力超额供给，也就是失业 内容提要 对一种物品征税是在买者支付的价格和卖者得到的价格之间打入的一个契子，并使均衡数量降低，无论是向买者征税还是向卖者征税 税收归宿是税负在买者与卖者之间额分担，并不取决于是向买者征税，还是向卖者征税 税收归宿取决于供给与需求的价格弹性 * This slide outlines the chapter. * We start by analyzing the effects of a price ceiling. The most common example is rent control, so we do the analysis in the context of this example. We begin by showing the market for apartments in equilibrium (before the government imposes any price controls). * When some students see this for the first time, they wonder why the price ceiling does not result in a surplus. When the price ceiling is above the equilibrium price, the equilibrium price is still perfectly legal. Just because landlords are allowed to charge $1000 rent doesn’t mean they will – if they do, they won’t be able to rent all of their apartments – a surplus will result, causing downward pressure on the price (rent). There’s no law that prevents the price (rent) from falling, so it does fall until the surplus is gone and equilibrium is reached (at P = $800 and Q = 300). * In this case, the price ceiling is binding. In the new equilibrium with the price ceiling, the actual price (rent) of an apartment will be $500. It won’t be more than that, because any higher price is illegal. It won’t be less than $500, because the shortage would be even larger if the price were lower. The actual quantity of apartments rented equals 250, and there is a shortage equal to 150 (the difference between the quantity demanded, 400, and the quantity supplied, 250). * In this slide, the equilibrium price ($800) and price ceiling ($500) are the same as on the preceding slides, but supply and demand are more price-elastic than before, and the shortage that results from a binding price ceiling