美国的民主2_清华大学选修课课件2.pptVIP

美国的民主 第二讲：制宪历程 “宗教”化的宪法 200多年基本不变 作为“最高权威”而存在： “Oath of Allegiance”: I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same… “违宪审查” 但在1787年制宪过程颇有争议…… 制宪会议上： 4个多月的争吵 各州审批过程中： 无数辩论 各州批准宪法时间表和力量对比 为什么要重新制定一部宪法？“关键时期”（1781-1789） Articles of Confederation （“邦联条例”） (1777)： 中央政府十分软弱的一部“宪法” A.“各州保留其主权、自由和独立” B. 有国会，但是没有中央行政和司法部门； C. 国会权力也非常有限 战后的经济危机和政治危机：Shay’s Rebellion ? 邦联政府无力应对危机，需要一部新的宪法 “旷野”中的探索 —— James Wilson: You have heard of Sparta, of Athens, and of Rome; you have heard of their admired constitutions, and of their high-prized freedom.... But did they ever furnish an exhibition similar to that which we now contemplate? Were their constitutions framed by the people? After they were framed, were they submitted to the consideration of the people? Were they to stand or fall by the peoples approving or rejecting vote? 制宪面对的问题 ? 联邦权和州权孰重孰轻？ 联邦权如何划分？总统制还是议会制？为什么要总统制？ 一院制还是两院制？为什么要两院制？ 各州议席怎么决定？人口比例？均等？ 谁是公民？奴隶算不算公民？女性？ 怎么选议员和总统？直选？州议员来选？ 谁是选民？要不要财产和教育限制？ 大法官要不要选？如何产生？ 修宪程序？半数？三分之二？所有州？ 制宪会议（1787.5-9） 联邦党人 vs.反联邦党人 麦迪逊；汉密尔顿；华盛顿；富兰克林…… 主张：更多的中央集权；更倾向于精英主义；更忧虑多数暴政。 （杰弗逊） Patrick Henry、乔治·梅森、George Cinton…… 主张：更主张保护州权；更主张民众权利；更担忧专制的危险。 《联邦党人文集》 “in all very numerous assemblies, of whatever characters composed, passion never fails to wrest the sceptre from reason. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob. 价值之争还是利益之争？ Charles Beard: An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States （1913）： 立宪不是革命行为，而是商人阶层压制农民阶层利益的“反革命”行为。 Forrest McDonald: We The People: The Economic Origin