CHAPTER 21 WATER, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACIDBSE …21章水，电解质，酸碱平衡….docVIP

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CHAPTER 21 WATER, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACIDBSE …21章水，电解质，酸碱平衡….doc

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CHAPTER 21 WATER, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACIDBSE …21章水，电解质，酸碱平衡…

OBJECTIVES: Define the term inorganic compound and list the major classes of substances in humans that are inorganic. Discuss the characteristics of water. Explain what happens to a salt when it is placed in water and discuss the significance of this event in the human body. Describe what happens to an acid and base when they are placed in water, and discuss the significance of these products in the human body. Illustrate the pH scale, denoting acid, neutral, and basic (alkaline) pH values. Also denote the relationship between [H+] to [OH-] at each of the above pHs, and show approximately where on that scale the following substances would fall: acetic acid, distilled water, blood and ammonia. Name the value of physiological pH. Define the term buffer, and explain how the carbonic acid buffering system works in humans. Explain what is meant by the terms water balance and electrolyte balance, and discuss the significance of each in human cells. Distinguish between extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments in terms of location, and fluid composition. Explain how fluid moves from one fluid compartment to another. Explain how water enters and leaves the human body and discuss regulation of this process. Explain how electrolytes enter and leave the human body and discuss the regulation of this process. List the major sources of hydrogen ions in the body. Distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases. Compare and contrast the three major acid-base buffering systems that maintain pH in humans. Discuss how the respiratory center is involved in maintaining the acid-base balance. Discuss the important function of the kidneys in maintaining pH homeostasis in the human body. I. INTRODUCTION Throughout this course we have stressed the importance of homeostasis, or the tendency of our body to maintain a stable internal environment. Water and electrolytes are also included in this delicate balance or state or equilibrium, whereby their intake must equal their