语用学Speech acts概要.pptVIP

Speech acts —— 陈玲 Although Austin’s performative hypothesis revolutionized the way people look at language and led directly to the development of pragmatics as an area of linguistics investigation, the notion that only performative verbs could be used to perform actions was untenable.尽管奥斯汀的表述行为的假设改变了人们看语言的方式和直接导致了语用学作为语言学研究领域的发展,概念,只有富有表现力的动词可以用于执行操作是站不住脚的。 Therefore, performative hypothesis collapsed for a number of reasons因此,表述行为的假说倒塌的原因: There is no formal grammatical way of distinguishing performative verbs from other sorts of verbs. 没有正式的语法的方式区分表述行为的动词和其他类型的动词。 2)The presence of performative verb does not guarantee that the specified action is performed. 表述行为的动词的存在并不能保证就执行指定的操作。 3)there are ways of doing things with words which do not involve using performative verbs. 有做事的方式的话不涉及使用表述行为的动词。 3. How to do things without performative verbs? 如何做的事情没有施为动词？ The most important reason for the collapse of Austin’s performative hypothesis is the realization that Austin had equated words with the existence of a corresponding performative verb. 奥斯汀的行为假设的崩溃的最重要的原因是，奥斯汀有等同的话实现与相应的施为动词的存在。 There are many acts performed using language where it would be impossible, extremely odd or very unusual to use a performative verb. 有很多行为执行使用语言是不可能的,非常奇怪的或非常不寻常的使用表述行为的动词 e.g. invitation Austin himself has also this kind of doubts whether it is always the case that we must have a performative verb for making explicit something we are undoubtedly doing by saying something奥斯汀本人也有这种怀疑，情况总是这样，我们必须有一个施为动词明确我们无疑是在说一些 It was in the light of these counter-examples and doubts that in Chapter VI of How to Do Things with Words, Austin briefly introduced a distinction between explicit and primary (implicit) performatives. Some situations (typically very formal or ritual situations) require that a specific form of language be used.某些情况下(通常是非常正式或仪式的情况下)要求一个特定形式的语言被使用 Examples: I apologize. I’m sorry. I swear I love you. I love you. A stylistic difference (e.g. in the degree of formality conv