《语言学导论》句法讲解材料.pptxVIP

句法句法学（syntax）：Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 考虑下面的一个你可能从没听过的句子:You may want to consider washing your hands before eating that green muffin.问题: 为什么人们能够能解新的句子?我们的记忆是有限的，而句子的数量是无限的，因此，一名语言使用者的知识不能够由一个短语或句子的列表来刻画。根据乔姆斯基的理论，一名语言使用者的语言知识应当被刻画为由有限的规则和原则构成的语法系统，而这些规则和原则正好是他理解并产出无限数量的短语和句子的基础，即语言能力（linguistic competence）。语言能力与语言运用（linguistic performance）的区别：一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在意识成为他的语言能力，而语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用(Chomsky 1965) 。因此，我们进行句法研究的语料来源于我们对英语（或其它语言）的自省（introspection），即我们的语言能力。乔姆斯基的转换生成语法（TG）乔姆斯基更为关注语言的共性，而非它们之间的差别。在他看来，语言成分之间的组合方式似乎受到一些普遍规则的支配。语言学家的任务就是要找到一个适合所有语言的语法框架（普遍语法）。判断一个语法理论好坏的标准： Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation. 结构歧义——提出句法结构的动机（2a）The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon. 因此，即使（2a）由一个没有歧义的词语构成的集合构成，这些词语可以通过不同的方式组合。到此为止，我们发现句子结构的两个重要性质：1. the linear order of the words;2. the possible groupings of the words.An informal theory of syntaxThen, how are such English questions structured?So, the distinction among major categories matters.The distinction(s) among subcategories of a major category also matters.John can lift 500 pounds. 1 23 4 5Question Rule III makes reference to auxiliary verb. However, what happens if more than one auxiliary verb occurs in the sentence? a. John will have left. b. Anna should be going to Chicago. c. Galen has been studying very hard. a. Will John have left? b. Should Anna be going to Chicago? c. Has Galen been studying very hard?However, consider the following sentence:The people who are standing in the room will leave soon. Note the introduction of the notion of subject constituent.However, 小结通过分析英语中一般疑问句的构造规则，我们可以看到句子不是非结构性的。For example, notice that the latest statement of the Question Rule forces us to refer to li