《语言学导论》词汇知识讲稿.pptxVIP

词汇基本问题什么是词？词的基本成分是什么？如何划分词类？构词规则有哪些？词与其各个成分在意义上的关系是怎样的？一种语言中的一个词与其他词之间的关系是怎样的？什么是词？We have intuitions about what is and is not a word in our native language, but as yet we do not have an adequate definition for the term word.AmbitrarinessAs a first definition, we might say that a word is an arbitrary pairing of sound and meaning.However, It does not distinguish between words and phrases or sentences.A word such as it in a sentence such as It is raining has no meaning.词的基本成分——语素语素（Morpheme）是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇或语法意义。形态学是对语素进行系统研究的语言学分支。它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。语素的类型自由语素（free morpheme）：能够独立成词。如dog，close黏着语素（bound morpheme）：不能够独立成词。如dis-，-ed单语素词vs.多语素词（复合词和复杂词）复合词（Compounds，多个自由语素构成的词，如godfather，sunflower）复杂词（Complex words）可以再分为词根（root）和词缀（affix）。词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义，既可以是自由语素，也可以是黏着语素（如receive，perceive和conceive中的-ceive）。词缀本质上是黏着的。根据它与词根和词干的相对位置，分为前缀、后缀和中缀。词干（stem）是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合。如friends和friendships中的friend和friendship。封闭类词（open-class word）vs.开放类词（close-class word）/语法词（或功能词）vs.词汇词（或实义词）封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限。像代词、介词、连词和冠词等都属于封闭类词。开放类词的成员数目基本上是无限的。像名词、动词、形容词和副词都属于开放类词。注意:词缀其实也可划到封闭类中。A variety of language – telegraphic speechGenerally speaking, in telegraphic forms of language, the open-class words are retained, whereas the closed-class words are omitted wherever possible.An illustration:Telegraphic forms of language are not limited to telegrams, postcards, and text messaging but can also be observed in early stages of child language, in the speech of people with certain brain disorders known as aphasic brain syndromes, in classified adverstising, etc. 语素与语音语素变体（Allomorphs）语素（词缀）的位置The place of attachment must be listed in the lexicon, because it is arbitrary.For example, whether a morpheme with a particular affix is a prefix or a suffix varies across languages.中缀（infix）: attach inside the base, according to a rule that refers to the base’s sound structure.词类的划分词类：在传统语法中称“Part of Speech”，即通过分析词在语言中的不同的语法特征、语义特征和音系特征，或者根据词在形式上的相似性，如屈折变化和分布，来对词进行分组分类。比如，英语中的名词有单复数