Neo –Gricean Pragmatics.pptVIP

 Neo –Gricean Pragmatics Cooperative Principles 1.Q- and R- Principles (Lawrence Horn / 1984 Toward a New Taxonymy for Pragmatic Inference / 1988 Pragmatic Theory） 2.Q- , I- and M- Principles (Stephen Levinson 1987 Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphor:A Partial Pragmatic Reduction of Binding and Control Phenomena） 1.Q- and R- Principles Influenced by George Zipf’s Principle of least effort(1949),Horn points out people’s linguistic behavior is govered by: i.the force of unification(speaker’s econymy) ii.the force of diversification(auditor’s econymy) On the analogy of two forces,he proposes two parallel coversational principles: a.The hearer –based Q-principle: say as much as we can(on the condition of R-principle) b.The speaker-based R-principle:say no more than we must(on the condition of Q-principle) Q-principle is a low-bounding principle inducing an upper-bounding implicature while R-pinciple is an upper-bounding principle inducing lower-bounding implicature. Exmples: (1)Jack has 2 books. (2)Some of Jack’s friends are philosophors. (3)Jack had a drink. (4)Jack’s secretary smiled. Some generalized conventional implicatures: (5)X went into a house yesterday and found a tortoise inside the front door. (6)I broke a finger yesterday. 2.Q-, I- and M-principles A.Quantity Principle or Q-Principle:Make your contribution as informative as required. Speaker’s maxim:Do not provide a statement that is informationally weaker than your knowledge of the world allows,unless providing stronger statement would contravene the I-principle; Recipient’s corollary:Take it that the speaker has made the stronger statement consistent with what he knows. B.Information Principle or I-principle:Do not make your contribution more informative than required. Speaker’s maxim-----maxim of (semantic)minimization (of information):say as little as necessary;produce the minimal linguistic information sufficient to achieve your communicational ends; Recepient’s