大学英语词汇学Chapter 2 Word Formation II.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Basic Word Formation Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation. Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following terms and their features in forming new words: blending; clipping; acronymy; backformation; sound reduplication; commonization of proper names In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。 Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes. 词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。 Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀 Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。 They express the following meanings: Plurality名词复数 The genitive case 名词所有格 The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高级 The verbal endings 动词词尾变化 e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle. Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. (1) Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize. 4.1 Affixation: the formation of words by adding word-formi