14认知心理学-个体差异.pptVIP

认知的个别差异和性别差异 认知的个别差异（Individual Differences in Cognition） 能力的差异 认知风格 年龄与认知 认知的性别差异（Gender Differences in Cognition） 技能与能力的性别差异 言语能力 视觉－空间能力 数学与推理能力 学习与认知风格的性别差异 完成认知任务的动机 联结学习 个别差异和性别差异 认知活动可能不总是所有人以相同的方式进行的。生活中的人们完成认知活动可能有不同的方式，这些不同有多方面的来源。特别值得重视的是认知能力、认知风格、专家化、成长等方面产生的个别差异。 认知的个别差异 能力的差异（Ability Differences） 个体显然有不同的认知能力，尤其是在心理速度、储存容量和注意广度方面。有些心理学家将上述认知能力等同于智力，一些心理学家则认为认知能力是智力的一个组成部分，还有一些心理学家则认为没有什么独立存在的智力。 认知能力各个方面 Verbal comprehension (understand words, sentences, paragraphs) Sensitivity to problems (suggest ways to solve problems) Syllogistic reasoning (draw conclusions from premises) Number facility (compute arithmetic operations) Induction (indicate a principle of relations) General reasoning (find solutions for algebraic problems) Associative memory (recall associated element when given another element) Span memory (immediately recall a set of elements after one presentation) 认知能力各个方面 Associational fluency (produce words similar in meaning to a given word) Expressional fluency (produce different ways of saying the same thing) Spontaneous flexibility (produce diverse functions and classifications for an object) Perceptual speed (find instances of a pattern under speeded conditions) Visualization (mentally manipulate forms to visualize how they would look) Spatial orientation (visually imagine parts out of place and put them in place) Length estimation (estimate lengths or distances between points) Gardners list of types of human intelligence Musical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by gifted musicians or child prodigies Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the type of ability shown by gifted athletes, dancers, or surgeons, who have great control over body movements Logical-mathematical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by superior scientists and logical problem solvers Linguistic intelligence: the type of ability shown by great writers or poets who can express themselves verbally Gardners list of types of human intelligence Spatial intellig