语用与交际练习答案.docVIP

I．Answering Questions1. Charles Morris, an American philosopher2. In 1938.3. In a book which is entitled The Foundations of the Theory of Signs written by Charles Morris.4. It is the study of signs.5. They are syntactics, semantics and pragmatics.6. Basically Carnap understands Pragmatics as what Morris has pointed out, but specifically speaking, Carnap thinks that Pragmatics should study indexicals in language. 7．To sum up, we find that a number of distinct usages of the term pragmatics have sprung from Morris original division of semiotics. In the process, we see that pragmatics has been treated by Morris as the study of the huge range of psychological and sociological phenomenon involved in sign system in general or in language in particular, overlapping with other fields of study; by Carnap as the study of certain abstract concepts that make reference to language participants; and by Montague as the study of indexical or deictic words, or more modern usage that makes necessary reference to aspects of the context. 8. Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. 9. These factors may include age, gender, social status, social relationship, level of education, personality, etc.10. One advantage of studying language through pragmatics is that we can talk about peoples intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and all kinds of actions (for example, requests) that they are performing when they speak.11. One big disadvantage of pragmatic study is that all these concepts related to human beings are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.12. A: 牋So - did you?B: 牋Hey - who wouldnt?13. No.14. No.15. No.16. A: Oh, you look fine with this new haircut. B: Oh, no. You are joking. 17. Inference means that we often infer or make guesses as to what the speaker intends to mean when he says something?18. No. Language is not just a m