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Language Planning and Policy Language Planning is all conscious efforts that aim at changing the linguistic behavior of a speech community. English vs. German Immigrants Language Policy is the more general linguistic, political and social goals underlying the actual language planning process. U.S. Government vs. Native American languages Two types of Language Planning Heinz Kloss Corpus Planning is the internal structure of the language. Activities include a writing system for a spoken language, initiating spelling reforms, creating new terms and publishing grammar books. Status Planning refers to all efforts undertaken to change the use and function of a language or language variety within a given society. Einar Haugen’s View Language planning is a technocratic process concerned with systematizing and cultivating a standardized language code to solve problems. Emphasized the importance of the written standard over the spoken. Dialects (regional or social) hamper communication. Concerned with equality among standard languages, non-standard languages are problematic. Neoclassical-autonomous approach Neoclassical Approach vs. Historical Approach Tollefson (1991) Neoclassical Individual choice Current language situation Evaluation is in ahistorical and amoral terms This model assumes that the field of applied linguistics and teachers are apolitical Historical Historical-structural influence of socio-historical factors on language use Considers past relationships between groups Concerned with issues of class dominance and oppression Political stance is inescapable for those who avoid political questions in advertently support the status quo. Autonomous vs. Ideological Street (1984) Autonomous Literacy is a “NEUTRAL” technology which can be detached from social context Literacy can be isolated as an independent variable Sets up a dichotomy between written and oral modes of communication Ideological Concentrates on