Phonological Awareness Interventions - Hall County Schools语音意识的干预-霍尔县学校.docVIP

Phonological Awareness Interventions: Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear the separate sounds, or phonemes, in words. Phonemic awareness is a purely oral understanding and deals only with sounds – not letters. As soon as letters are introduced, we call it “phonics”. A more over-arching term is “phonological awareness”, which includes an awareness of parts of speech larger than phonemes – syllables and words for instance. Research has shown that Phonological Awareness develops in a hierarchical manner, with the ability to complete some skills necessarily preceding others. In general, phonological awareness develops in this order: Preparatory activities – students develop listening habits and tune in to sounds Rhyme awareness Phoneme awareness Segmenting – the ability to: segment sentences into words segment words into syllables segment words into sounds Blending – the ability to: blend syllables into words blend sounds into words Manipulation – the ability to: delete syllables from words substitute syllables in words delete sounds from words substitute sounds in words Of course, it’s not always obvious when children move from one stage to another. Children who have had lots of contact with oral or written storytelling, playing with words through nursery rhymes and songs, or even educational television programs before school may begin Kindergarten able to do all of the above activities. In fact, 85% of children develop phonemic awareness without any special training (Allington, IRA conference 1997). For those 15-20% of students who have difficulty with phonological awareness, an assessment can help the teacher determine where the child’s knowledge breaks down. If a child is unable to blend, for instance, the teacher should administer an assessment to work backwards on the above stages to determine if the child can segment, or has awareness of phonemes or rhymes. Intervention instruction should occur at the lowest level at which a child has difficulty and grad