1.History+of+Regional+Economic+Integration 世界经济课件.pptVIP

History of Regional Economic Integration Development of regional trading arrangement Recent Move to Regionalism Different types of RTAs RTAs in the Atlantic RTAs in the Asia-Pacific Other RTAs Development of RTA Existed from the beginning of nation-states with trade policies, favoring valued neighbors. Played major roles in political history German Zollverein formed in 1834 as a customs union of 18 small states, which was a step on the way to the nation of Germany later in the century. From European Union to the United Europe? Development of RTA 1930s: major fragmentation of the world trading system into competing blocs British Commonwealth, Central Europe, etc. 1960s: first wave of regionalism, which largely failed. 1990s: second wave of regionalism Development of RTA MFN principle The U.K. adopted nondiscrimination as its trade policy early in the 19th century: unilateral trade liberalization in 1846. The nondiscrimination principle spread to other countries with the Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1860. The MFN principle was repeated in many other bilateral treaties. The GATT adopted the MFN principle. Development of RTA GATT article XXIV Major deviation from the MFN principle Allows RTAs subject to requirements: Trade barriers should be eliminated on substantially all the trade between the parties. Trade barriers against nonmembers should not be made more restrictive than before. It should include a plan and schedule to complete the formation of an RTA within a reasonable length of time (defined as 10 years by UR). Recent Move to Regionalism Big surge from the late 1980s Post-war RTAs were not numerous and not successful Post-war period was mainly focused on multilateral agreement Trend toward continent-sized huge blocs Europe, Americas, Asia-Pacific Some trans-oceanic trade agreements Recent Move to Regionalism Why? Success of European integration,demonstration effect Reversal of US position on RTA Began in early 1980s with disappointment with the GATT “A