国贸理论与政策TARIFFS AND NONTARIFF BARRIERSPPT.ppt

* ？Figure 7.02 Welfare effects of a domestic production subsidy * * * * * * A: autarky equilibrium X, C: free trade production and consumption equilibrium A to B: gains from exchange (at a different relative price) B to C: gains from specialization * * b: the production deadweight cost of the tariff It represents the cost of resources devoted to expanding production in the higher-cost domestic industry rather than having those units provided by a lower-cost foreign producer. d: the consumption deadweight cost of the tariff (due to reducing consumption from Q2 to Q1) * * * * * Ch.9 TARIFFS AND NONTARIFF BARRIERS * Commercial Policy Tariffs ad valorem 3% of the value of imports Specific $2 per barrel of oil compound Nontariff barriers Quotas Subsidies Others ad valorem（税）从价 * TARIFF Analysis Main Concepts Consumer surplus (CS) Producer surplus (PS) * Figure 6.02 Consumer surplus * Figure 6.03 Producer surplus * Figure 6.04 The gains from free trade (imports side) * Figure 6.01 The static gains from free trade * The Welfare Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country Consider a tariff of t dollars per unit of grapes imported. Effects of the tariff Raise the price of imports ? Consumers lose. Raise the price of import-competing products ? Producers gain. Dom. consumption declines Dom. production increases Imports decline due to (3) + (4) Tariff revenue for the government * The welfare effects of a tariff in a small country A tariff raises the domestic price from Pw to Pw+t. Consumer surplus declines by a+b+c+d Producer surplus increases by a Government revenue increases by c Net cost to the economy is b+d. (the deadweight loss净损失 of a tariff) A small country never gains from tariffs. * Figure 6.06 The effect of an import tariff * Figure 6.07 Deadweight cost of the tariff * Figure 6.08 International free-trade equilibrium * Figure 6.09 Illustration of a tariff for a large country * Figure 6.10 The contracting收缩的spiral螺旋 of worl