斯宾赛.pptVIP

第三课 斯宾塞的社会进化理论 Herbert Spencer and His Evolutionary Theory 主要内容（main points) 社会有机论 The Organic of the Society 社会进化理论 Evolutionary theory 个体主义方法论 Methodological individualism Biographical Sketch and works In 1820,Spencer was born in Derby, England on 27 April 1820 . In 1837 he began work as a Civil engineer for a railway, an occupation he held until 1846. From 1848 to 1853, Spencer worked as a writer and subeditor (助理编辑)for The Economist . In 1851 Spencers first book, Social Statics. in 1853 ,Upon the death of his uncle Thomas, Spencer received a small inheritance which allowed him to devote himself to writing without depending on regular employment. The Principles of Psychology(1855); First Principles (1860-1862); Principles of Biology(1864-1867); The Principles of Psychology (1870-1872); The Principles of Sociology(1876-1896); The Principles of Ethics(1879-1893). Spencers health significantly deteriorated in the last two decades of his life, and he died in relative seclusion, following a long illness, on December 8, 1903. 一、社会有机论(P61-65)  The Organic of the Society 1、社会是一个实体。 Society is an entity. 2、社会是一个有机实体，而非无机实体。 Society is an organic entity, not an inorganic entity. 3、社会与生物有机体相似性。 A number of similarities between society and organic entities. 生长过程 society’s growth in size 结构进化 society’s increasing in structure 功能分化 society’s differentiation in function 相互依赖 society’s dependent in each other 4、社会有机体与生物有机体的区别 1）生物有机体是一个具体的整体，它的各个部分结合紧密；而社会有机体则是一个松散的整体，组成它的个体或多或少是自由和分散的，彼此结合的程度不那么牢固。 2）在生物有机体中，意识仅集中于机体的某一部位，其他部位缺少感应能力；而在社会中，意识遍布于组成它的各个分子即每一个个人身上，所有个体都能体验到喜怒哀乐。 3）在生物有机体中，组成机体的众多分子是为了整体而生存的，其意义体现为对整体的贡献；而在社会有机体中，社会整体是为了其成员的幸福而存在的，它是实现个人目标的手段与工具，社会成员并不是为了社会的幸福而生存的。 5、社会变迁的模式 1）按照社会进化的程度或社会结构功能的复杂程度为标准划分 简单社会和复合社会(二重复合与三重复合） (simple and compounded societies) 2）按照社会内部组织的管理方式为标准划分 军事社会和工业社会 (militant and industrial societies) 表1：军事社会和工业社会之比较 　　　　　　　 二、社会进化理论（Evolutionar