Diction(选词法).docVIP

Diction（选词Affective Meanings（选择情感意义） Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. You may address somebody as an “idiot” to convey your despise, or describe something as “marvelous” to express your positive evaluation. There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive (褒eutral (中性erogatory (贬Neutral Derogatory portly (发福的verweight (超重的 slender, slim (苗条的kinny (瘦削的 senior, elder (长者ld man/woman (老人ossil (老朽 Some words when used in different contexts may have different affective meanings. In translating, it is significant to determine the implications of these words according to the context. Words Positive Neutral Derogatory death 仙逝，长眠 死，死亡 一命呜呼，见鬼 result 成果 结果 后果 scheme 计划，规划，方案 阴谋，诡计，计谋 collaborate 合作，协作 与敌勾结，通敌 discrimination 辨别力，识别力，鉴赏力 不一视同仁 歧视 1. individualism: ① feeling or behaviour of a person who likes to do things his/her own way, regardless of what other people do; ② theory that favours free action and complete liberty of belief for each individual person (contrasted with the theory that favours the supremacy of the state); (OALD 2002:758) ③ the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society (LDCE 1998:776). 个人主义: 一切从个人出发，把个人利益放在集体利益之上，只顾自己，不顾别人的错误思想。个人主义是生产资料私有制的产物，是资产阶级世界观的核心。它的表现形式是多方面的，如个人英雄主义、自由主义、本位主义等（《现代汉语词典》2002：656）。 Therefore, individualism（中性词）≠ 个人主义（贬义词）≈ 个体主义 2. liberalism: liberal opinions or principles, esp. with regard to social and political matters; liberal: ①willing to understand and respect the ideas and feelings of others; ②supporting or allowing some change, e.g. in political or religious affairs; ③encouraging or leading to a wide general knowledge, wide possibilities for self-expression, and respect for other people’s opinions; ④giving freely and generously; ⑤given freely; large; ⑥neither close nor very exact (LDCE 1998:873). 自由主义：①19世纪和20世纪初期的一种资产阶级政治思想。自由主义者代表资产阶级的利益，反对政治的、社会的和宗教的束缚，在历史上曾经起过进