生态学笔记(终极版).docVIP

Ecology A definition of ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. 生态学是研究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学，环境是物理环境和生物环境的的结合体。 Environment All that surrounds and affects an organism is its environment. Fitness is a measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to future generations. 适合度是个体生产能存活后代，并能对未来世代有贡献的能力的指标。 Natural selection The individuals in a species which have the highest fitness will contribute disproportionately to the subesequent generations. If fitness differences have a genetic component,then the genetic make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or ‘survival of the fittest’. 物种中具有最高适合度的个体将会对未来世代做出特别高的贡献。如果适合度的差别含有遗传的成分，则后代的遗传组成会有改变。这个过程成为自然选择或‘最适者生存’。 Adaptation Any heritable trait possessed by an organism which aids survival or reproduction is an adaptation. （有机体所具有的有助于生存和生殖的任何可遗传特征都是适应。） Such traits may be physiological,morphological or behavioral. Adaptation is the result of natural selection. Genotype and phenotype The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual. The phenotype is the individual organism,a product of the interaction between its genotype and its environment. The ability of the phenotype to vary due to environment influences on its genotype is known as phenotypic plasticity(e.g. human suntan,wind-shaped plants,locust morph(solitary or migratory)). Conditions Variable environment factors which organisms respond to are conditions. Resources Anything which the organism uses up or depleres is a resource for that organism. 有机体消耗的任何东西，对有机体而言，就是资源。 Tolerance The upper and lower extremes of environmental conditions which members of a species can surivive are the species limits of tolerance. 种的成员能够生存的环境条件上限和下限是种的耐受限度。 Niche The ecological niche of an organism is the position it fills in its environment comprising the conditions under which it is found,the resources it utilizes and the time it occurs the