x-linked genes and risk of orofacial clefts evidence from two population-based studies in scandinaviax连锁基因和orofacial结晶的风险来自两个以人群为基础的研究在斯堪的那维亚的证据.pdfVIP

X-Linked Genes and Risk of Orofacial Clefts: Evidence from Two Population-Based Studies in Scandinavia Astanand Jugessur1,2*., Øivind Skare 1,3., Rolv T. Lie3,4, Allen J. Wilcox5, Kaare Christensen6,7,8, 6 4 9 ˚ 1,3 Lene Christiansen , Truc Trung Nguyen , Jeffrey C. Murray , Hakon K. Gjessing 1 Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, 2 Craniofacial Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia, 3 Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 4 Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway, 5 Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (National Institute of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, 6 Department of Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 7 Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 8 Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 9 Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America Abstract Background: Orofacial clefts are common birth defects of complex etiology, with an excess of males among babies with cleft lip and palate, and an excess of females among those with cleft palate only. Although genes on the X chromosome have been implicated in clefting, there has been no association analysis of X-linked markers. Methodology/Principal Findings: We added new functionalities in the HAPLIN statistical software to enable association analysis of X-linked markers and an exploration of various