adapted to roar functional morphology of tiger and lion vocal folds适应咆哮声带功能形态学的老虎和狮子.pdfVIP

Adapted to Roar: Functional Morphology of Tiger and Lion Vocal Folds 1 2,3 4 1,3 Sarah A. Klemuk , Tobias Riede *, Edward J. Walsh , Ingo R. Titze 1 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America, 3 National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America, 4 Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America Abstract Vocal production requires active control of the respiratory system, larynx and vocal tract. Vocal sounds in mammals are produced by flow-induced vocal fold oscillation, which requires vocal fold tissue that can sustain the mechanical stress during phonation. Our understanding of the relationship between morphology and vocal function of vocal folds is very limited. Here we tested the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and viscoelastic properties allow a prediction of fundamental frequency range of sounds that can be produced, and minimal lung pressure necessary to initiate phonation. We tested the hypothesis in lions and tigers who are well-known for producing low frequency and very loud roaring sounds that expose vocal folds to large stresses. In histological sections, we found that the Panthera vocal fold lamina propria consists of a lateral region with adipocytes embedded in a network of collagen and elastin fibers and hyaluronan. There is also a medial region that contains only fibrous proteins and hyaluronan but no fat cells. Young’s moduli range between 10 and 2000 kPa for strains up to 60%. Shear moduli ranged between