有哪些信誉好的足球投注网站adaptive evolution and the birth of ctcf binding sites in the drosophila genome自适应进化与ctcf的诞生在果蝇基因组中结合位点.pdfVIP
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adaptive evolution and the birth of ctcf binding sites in the drosophila genome自适应进化与ctcf的诞生在果蝇基因组中结合位点
Adaptive Evolution and the Birth of CTCF Binding Sites in
the Drosophila Genome
1,2¤a 2¤b ` 1,3¤c 2¤d 1,2
Xiaochun Ni , Yong E. Zhang , Nicolas Negre , Sidi Chen , Manyuan Long ,
Kevin P. White1,2,3*
1 Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
Abstract
Changes in the physical interaction between cis-regulatory DNA sequences and proteins drive the evolution of gene
expression. However, it has proven difficult to accurately quantify evolutionary rates of such binding change or to estimate
the relative effects of selection and drift in shaping the binding evolution. Here we examine the genome-wide binding of
CTCF in four species of Drosophila separated by between ,2.5 and 25 million years. CTCF is a highly conserved protein
known to be associated with insulator sequences in the genomes of human and Drosophila. Although the binding
preference for CTCF is highly conserved, we find that CTCF binding itself is highly evolutionarily dynamic and has adaptively
evolved. Between species, binding divergence increased linearly with evolutionary distance, and CTCF binding profiles are
diverging rapidly at the rate of 2.22% per million years (Myr). At least 89 new CTCF binding sites have originated in the
Drosophila melanogaster genome since the most recent common ancestor with Drosophila simulans. Comparing these data
to genome sequence data from 37 different strains of Drosophila melanoga
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