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A Potential New Pathway for Staphylococcus aureus Dissemination: The Silent Survival of S. aureus Phagocytosed by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages 1 2 1. 3 4 5 1 Malgorzata Kubica *, Krzysztof Guzik , Joanna Koziel *, Miroslaw Zarebski , Walter Richter , Barbara Gajkowska , Anna Golda , Agnieszka 1 6 7 8 1. Maciag-Gudowska , Klaudia Brix , Les Shaw , Timothy Foster , Jan Potempa 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, 2 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, 3 Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, 4 Center for Electron Microscopy of the Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany, 5 Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 6 School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 7 Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, 8 Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Although considered to be an extracellular pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus is able to invade a variety of mammalian, non- professional phagocytes and can also survive engulfment by professional phagocytes such as neutrophils and monocytes. In both of these cell types S. aureus promptly escapes from the endosomes/phagosomes and proliferates within the cytoplasm, which quickly leads to host cell death. In this report we show that S. aureus