a comparative analysis of the morphology and evolution of permanent sperm depletion in spiders比较分析永久精子的形态和演化损耗的蜘蛛.pdfVIP

A Comparative Analysis of the Morphology and Evolution of Permanent Sperm Depletion in Spiders 1,2 . 3. Peter Michalik * , Clare C. Rittschof ¨ 1 Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat, Greifswald, Germany, 2 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America Abstract Once thought to be energetically cheap and easy to produce, empirical work has shown that sperm is a costly and limited resource for males. In some spider species, there is behavioral evidence that sperm are permanently depleted after a single mating. This extreme degree of mating investment appears to co-occur with other reproductive strategies common to spiders, e.g. genital mutilation and sexual cannibalism. Here we corroborate that sperm depletion in the golden orb-web spider Nephila clavipes is permanent by uncovering its mechanistic basis using light and electron microscopy. In addition, we use a phylogeny-based statistical analysis to test the evolutionary relationships between permanent sperm depletion (PSD) and other reproductive strategies in spiders. Male testes do not produce sperm during adulthood, which is unusual in spiders. Instead, spermatogenesis is nearly synchronous and ends before the maturation molt. Testis size decreases as males approach their maturation molt and reaches its lowest point after sperm is transferred into the male copulatory organs (pedipalps). As a consequence, the amount of sperm available to males for mating is limited to the sperm contained in the pedipalps, and once it is used, males lose their ability to fertilize eggs. Our data suggest that PSD h