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Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis 1. 1. 1 1 1 Michael D. Coble *, Odile M. Loreille , Mark J. Wadhams , Suni M. Edson , Kerry Maynard , Carna E. 1 ¨ 2 2 2 3 4,5 Meyer , Harald Niederstatter , Cordula Berger , Burkhard Berger , Anthony B. Falsetti , Peter Gill , Walther Parson2, Louis N. Finelli1 1 Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America, 2 Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria, 3 University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 4 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 5 Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Abstract One of the greatest mysteries for most of the twentieth century was the fate of the Romanov family, the last Russian monarchy. Following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, he and his wife, Alexandra, and their five children were eventually exiled to the city of Yekaterinburg. The family, along with four loyal members of their staff, was held captive by members of the Ural Soviet. According to historical reports, in the early morning hours of July 17, 1918 the entire family along with four loyal members of their staff was executed by a firing squad. After a failed attempt to dispose of the remains in an abandoned mine shaft, the bodies were transported to an open field only a few kilometers from the mi